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医学上常见的抗原
抗原包括:(一)完全抗原和半抗原能够被免疫识别受体识别并有效诱导适应性免疫应答的物质为完全抗原(complete antigen)0仅能被免疫识别受体所识别、不能有效诱导适应性免疫应答的物质为半抗原(hapten),指仅具备抗原性而无免疫原性的小分子抗原。半抗原与蛋白载体结合形成半抗原-载体复合物即可获得免疫原性。用该种复合物免疫机体不但可产生针对蛋白载体的抗体,也可产生针对半抗原的抗体。(二)胸腺依赖性抗原和胸腺非依赖性抗原虽然抗体由B细胞产生,大多数抗原类物质在诱导适应性体液免疫应答时依赖于T细胞的存在,故称为T细胞依赖抗原或者胸腺依赖性抗原(thymus dependent antigen,TD-Ag)。绝大多数蛋白质抗原如病原微生物、血细胞、血白蛋白等均属TD-Ag。TD-Ag可在T、B细胞均存在的宿主体内诱导产生适应性细胞、体液免疫应答及免疫记忆的形成。有些抗原类物质在诱导B细胞产生抗体时无需T细胞辅助,称为胸腺非依赖性抗原(thymus independent antigen,TI-Ag)。TI-Ag可在T细胞缺陷的宿主体内诱导产生IgM类抗体。常见的TI-Ag包括细菌脂多糖(LPS)、肺炎球菌荚膜多糖和聚合鞭毛素等。(三)异嗜性抗原、异种抗原、同种异型抗原、自身抗原和独特型抗原异嗜性抗原(hete-rophile antigen)指不同种系生物(如动物、植物或微生物)所共有的抗原,又名Forssman抗原。异种抗原(xenogenic antigen)系指来自另一物种的抗原性物质,如微生物及其产物、异种器官移植物等。同种异型抗原(allogenic antigen)是在同一种属不同个体间存在差异的抗原性物质,如人类血型(红细胞)抗原和组织相容性抗原(HLA)。自身抗原(autoantigen)是指表达于宿主自身组织的抗原。独特型抗原(idiotypic antigen)是存在于TCR、BCR或抗体可变区的抗原。独特型抗原可在同一个体内诱生抗独特型抗体。抗独特型抗体具有免疫调节作用。三、超抗原某些抗原物质只需极低浓度(1~10ng/ml)即可激活2%~20%的T细胞克隆(相比之下,普通蛋白质抗原可激活机体总T细胞库中万分之一至百万分之一的T细胞),产生极强的免疫应答,称为超抗原(superantigen,SAg)。SAg分子的一端直接与TCR-Vp链结合,另一端则与抗原提呈细胞表面的MHCII类分子结合。这一TCR与MHC之间的“串联”导致T细胞的直接活化。超抗原所诱导的免疫效应并非针对超抗原本身,而是通过多克隆激活T细胞、诱导其分泌大量的细胞因子而导致病理损伤。细菌超抗原可引发金葡菌食物中毒(staphylococcal food poisoning)和毒性休克综合征(toxic shock syndrome)。金葡菌食物中毒由金葡菌肠毒素引起,人可在接触大量的金葡菌肠毒素后2~8小时发病,出现恶心,剧烈呕吐,腹绞痛,可伴有腹泻。该病有自限性,可在发病后的24~48小时内自愈。在婴幼儿和老人该病可致严重后果。毒性休克综合征由细菌超抗原刺激大量T细胞在短时释放大量的细胞因子所致的细胞因子风暴引起。此外,超抗原也参与川崎病(Kawasaki disease,KD)、慢性鼻窦炎(chronic rhinosinusitis)、鼻息肉(nasal polyps)、特应性皮炎(atopic dermatitis)、滴状银屑病(guttate psoriasis)、类风湿关节炎、糖尿病和猩红热的发生。四、佐剂预先或与抗原同时注入体内,可增强机体对该抗原的免疫应答或改变对该抗原免疫应答类型的物质称为佐剂(adjuvant)。有佐剂作用的物质多种多样,如卡介苗、氢氧化铝、人工合成类的胞苷酸(poly I:C)、脂质体、免疫刺激复合物(ISCOMs)和CpG ODN(含CpG脱氧寡核苷酸)等。动物试验中常用的佐剂还包括弗氏完全佐剂(CFA)和弗氏不完全佐剂(IFA)。
本回答由科学教育分类达人 何晓强推荐 2018-02-08
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